Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors often treat high blood pressure and other heart-related conditions. They are a commonly prescribed class of medicine that has been used for several decades with proven clinical benefits. They work by inhibiting the activity of an angiotensin-converting enzyme, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. In this article, we will explore what this class of medication is and how they can help manage cardiovascular-related conditions.
What are the Benefits?
ACE inhibitors have several benefits for the heart, including:
Reducing Blood Pressure: By relaxing blood vessels and reducing the amount of angiotensin II in the bloodstream, ACE inhibitors can help lower blood pressure. This can help reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other complications associated with high blood pressure.
Improving Heart Function: ACE inhibitors can also improve heart function in people with heart failure. By reducing the workload on the heart, these medications can help improve symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs.
Protecting the Heart: ACE inhibitors may also protect the heart by reducing the risk of heart attack and other cardiac events. Some studies have suggested that these medications may also help prevent the progression of atherosclerosis, a condition that can lead to heart disease.
Stroke Management: Managing blood pressure and preventing further cardiovascular complications is crucial after a stroke. ACE inhibitors can be a valuable component of post-stroke care, helping control blood pressure, stabilize heart function, and protect kidney health. This is especially relevant given the increased cardiovascular risks associated with stroke.
What Conditions are Treated with ACE Inhibitors?
ACE inhibitors are commonly used to treat the following conditions:
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment for hypertension. They work by relaxing blood vessels, which helps lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors help mitigate the risks associated with high blood pressure, such as heart attacks and strokes, by reducing the strain on the heart.
- Heart Failure: Heart failure is when the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently is compromised. ACE inhibitors are frequently used in the management of heart failure. They offer multiple benefits, including improving symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue, reducing the risk of hospitalization, and ultimately enhancing survival rates in individuals with this condition. These medications help the heart pump more effectively and reduce its workload.
- Coronary Artery Disease: ACE inhibitors also find application in managing coronary artery disease, especially in individuals who have a history of heart attacks or are at high risk for one. These medications can help dilate the coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle. This improved blood flow can reduce the risk of angina (chest pain) and further heart complications.
- Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes can have adverse effects on the kidneys, leading to a condition known as diabetic nephropathy, where kidney function deteriorates over time. ACE inhibitors are sometimes prescribed to individuals with diabetes who have impaired kidney function or to help prevent the onset of this. These medications effectively slow the progression of kidney disease and reduce the risk of kidney failure by reducing pressure in the kidney’s filtering units.
How are ACE Inhibitors Taken?
ACE inhibitors are available in several forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid formulations. They are typically taken once or twice daily, with or without food. Taking these medications as your doctor directs to get the most benefit and avoid any potential side effects is important. Below is a table listing commonly used ACE inhibitors around the world, their generic names, commonly known trade names, and the usual tablet strengths:
What are the Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors?
Like all medications, ACE inhibitors can cause side effects. Some common side effects include:
Dry Cough: ACE inhibitors can cause a persistent dry cough in some people. This side effect may be more common in women. Learn more about cough as a side effect with our feature article here.
Dizziness and Fatigue: ACE inhibitors can cause dizziness and fatigue, especially when starting the medication or increasing the dose.
Low Blood Pressure: In some cases, ACE inhibitors can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure, especially in dehydrated people or those with kidney problems.
High potassium levels (Hyperkalemia): ACE inhibitors can sometimes cause high levels of potassium in the blood, especially in people with kidney disease or those taking certain supplements or diuretic medicines.
Conclusion
ACE inhibitors are a medication commonly used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and other conditions related to heart health. They work by inhibiting the enzyme ACE, which helps regulate blood pressure and improve heart function. Although they may cause side effects in some people, ACE inhibitors are generally well-tolerated and can be an effective treatment option for many people with heart health concerns. If you have questions or concerns about ACE inhibitors, talk to your doctor or healthcare provider.
Heart Matters, edited by cardiologist Professor Peter Barlis, is a trusted resource that offers clear and accurate information on cardiovascular health. It bridges the gap between scientific research and everyday understanding, empowering you to make informed choices and take an active role in supporting your heart health.
