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MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS

Empowerment
Starts with
Education

Welcome to Heart Matters, your go-to destination for empowered heart health. Explore our comprehensive collection of articles, expert advice, and practical tips, designed to equip you with the knowledge and confidence to make positive changes. Discover the latest advancements in heart health research, learn about effective lifestyle modifications, and gain a deeper understanding of cardiac conditions and their treatments. Explore, learn, and join the Heart Matters community today.

Prof. Peter Barlis

Cardiologist & Founding Editor

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EDUCATION FROM THE HEART

Why heart matters

At Heart Matters, we go beyond being an information source – we share knowledge with genuine care. Empowering you with comprehensive, easy-to-understand insights.

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Stay informed with our up-to-date heart health insights. We cut jargon, providing empowering information for your cardiovascular well-being. Discover reliable resources that speak heart to heart, offering updated and accessible information.

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Our blog articles have simplicity in mind, helping you understand key concepts. Stay updated with reliable information that speaks directly to you, empowering informed decisions about heart health.

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We strive to offer dependable and updated insights, cutting through complex terminology to communicate effectively with you. Explore the advantages of reliable guidance that provides a clear perspective, supporting your journey towards knowledge and understanding.

Empowering through understanding

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Heart Matters provides essential information on heart health across six key platforms. We focus on heart disease risk factors, management, and prevention. Our goal is to make the information accessible and engaging, using simple language to explain complex concepts.

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From prevention
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Our aim is to provide a holistic understanding of cardiovascular well-being and equip you with the knowledge and resources necessary to take control of your heart health journey.

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  • Bringing you the latest medical advances that impact cardiovascular health and well-being
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As a Cardiothoracic Surgeon, I value patient empowerment through accessible heart health resources. Heart Matters simplifies complex topics, eliminates medical jargon, and delivers concise information. This resource equips individuals with valuable knowledge to actively manage their health and make informed decisions.
Prof. Jai Raman
Prof. Jai RamanCardiothoracic Surgeon

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Cardiovascular
risk factors

Cardiovascular risk factors include both modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Download our free blood pressure monitoring chart to track your readings for discussion with your healthcare provider.

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Age

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As we age, our risk of developing cardiovascular disease tends to increase, due to a variety of factors. Among these factors is the natural increase in blood pressure that occurs with age, which can put additional strain on the heart and blood vessels over time. Other contributing factors may include changes in cholesterol levels, the development of insulin resistance, and the accumulation of plaque in the arteries. However, by making lifestyle changes and working with healthcare professionals to manage risk factors, it is possible to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and maintain good heart health as we age.

Gender

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Men are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) than women, in part due to biological differences. However, women's risk of developing CVDs increases after menopause due to hormonal changes that can lead to changes in blood vessel function and an increase in LDL cholesterol levels. Despite these risks, women can protect their heart health by making lifestyle changes and working with healthcare professionals to manage risk factors.

Family History

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A family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can increase an individual's risk of developing CVD. If a close family member, such as a parent or sibling, has had CVD, an individual may be more likely to develop the disease themselves. However, having a family history of CVD does not necessarily mean that an individual will develop the disease, and there are many steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of CVD, such as making lifestyle changes and working with healthcare professionals to manage risk factors.

Smoking

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Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage the lining of blood vessels, leading to a buildup of plaque and narrowing of the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. In addition, smoking can contribute to other risk factors for CVD, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of CVD, and there are many resources available to help individuals quit, including medications, counseling, and support groups.

Diabetes

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Diabetes is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries that can lead to heart attack and stroke. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other risk factors for CVD, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Managing diabetes through lifestyle changes and medications can help reduce the risk of CVD and its complications.

Obesity

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Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Excess body fat can lead to the development of other risk factors for CVD, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, obesity can put extra strain on the heart and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Obesity is also strongly associated with sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. Sleep apnea has been linked to an increased risk of CVD, and treating sleep apnea through weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or other therapies may help reduce this risk. Losing weight through lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular physical activity, can also help reduce the risk of CVD and improve overall health.

High
blood pressure

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High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). When blood pressure is consistently high, it can damage the walls of blood vessels, making them more susceptible to the buildup of plaque and narrowing of the arteries that can lead to heart attack and stroke. High blood pressure also increases the workload on the heart, making it work harder than normal and increasing the risk of heart failure. Managing blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medications can help reduce the risk of CVD and its complications. It is important to regularly monitor blood pressure and work with a healthcare provider to keep it at a healthy level.

High 'bad'
cholesterol

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High levels of LDL cholesterol, as well as other lipids such as triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) [LP(a)], are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). These lipids can accumulate in the walls of arteries, leading to the formation of plaque that can narrow or block blood flow and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. In many cases, lipid levels can be successfully managed through lifestyle changes, such as a heart-healthy diet and regular physical activity, as well as medications if needed. Managing lipid levels can help reduce the risk of CVD and its complications. It is important to regularly monitor lipid levels and work with a healthcare provider to keep them within a healthy range.

Insufficient physical activity

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Physical inactivity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular physical activity can help improve cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart and reducing other risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, and high cholesterol. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of CVD by contributing to these risk factors. Incorporating regular physical activity into your daily routine, such as walking, jogging, or cycling, can help reduce your risk of CVD and improve your overall health. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise program to ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.

Excess alcohol consumption

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Excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat (e.g. atrial fibrillation), and can lead to a weakened heart muscle, which increases the risk of heart failure. Excessive drinking can also have negative effects on the liver and other organs, in addition to increasing the risk of other health problems. If you choose to drink alcohol, it is important to do so in moderation and talk to your healthcare provider about your alcohol consumption habits and any potential risks to your health.

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Frequently asked Questions

We understand that seeking reliable information about your heart can be overwhelming, and that’s why we’ve compiled a list of common questions and their answers to empower you with knowledge. Whether you want to learn about normal heart rates, blood pressure, heart disease risk factors, or heart-healthy lifestyle choices, we’ve got you covered. You can find additional information in the Resources secton by clicking here.

The normal resting heart rate for adults typically ranges between 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM). However, factors like age, fitness level, and overall health can influence this range. Consult your healthcare provider if you have concerns about your heart rate.

A normal blood pressure reading for adults is usually around 120/80 mmHg. The top number (systolic pressure) measures the pressure in your arteries when the heart beats, while the bottom number (diastolic pressure) indicates the pressure when the heart is at rest. Blood pressure can vary, so it’s essential to monitor it regularly

Several risk factors contribute to heart disease, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, family history of heart disease, and age. Making lifestyle changes and managing these risk factors can significantly reduce your chances of developing heart disease

Improving heart health involves adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle. This includes engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, quitting smoking, managing stress, and getting enough sleep. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider are also crucial to monitor your heart health.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance present in our blood. It is essential for various bodily functions, but high levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, known as “good” cholesterol, helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Other important molecules include triglycerides and Lipoprotein (a). 

Common symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort, pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, back, or arms, shortness of breath, cold sweats, nausea, and lightheadedness. If you suspect you or someone else is having a heart attack, call emergency services immediately.

No, not all fats are bad for the heart. Healthy fats, such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil, can be beneficial for heart health. On the other hand, saturated and trans fats found in fried and processed foods should be limited as they can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease.

Yes, chronic stress can have a negative impact on heart health. Prolonged stress may lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms like overeating, smoking, or being physically inactive, which can increase the risk of heart disease. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and seeking support can help promote heart health.

Warning signs of heart disease include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, and swelling in the ankles, feet, and legs. If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional promptly.

To naturally improve cholesterol levels, focus on a heart-healthy diet rich in soluble fiber from oats, beans, and vegetables. Added fiber can also be derived from simple sources such as psyllium husk. Iincorporating phytosterol-rich foods like fortified milks and spreads can assist and opting for healthy fats and oils found in olive oil, avocado and fatty fish, as they can boost good HDL cholesterol.  Stay physically active, maintain a healthy weight, and quit smoking to positively impact cholesterol levels. Limit added sugars and refined carbs, and moderate alcohol consumption.

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other anti-anginals

When first-line therapies for angina, such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates, prove inadequate or are not well-tolerated, second-line therapies may be considered.
Perhexiline is a unique medication that enhances the heart's ability to utilize fatty acids for energy, reducing its reliance on oxygen and lowering oxygen demand. This action helps improve blood flow and alleviates chest pain in some patients with refractory angina.
Nicorandil is another second-line option with a dual mechanism of action. It opens potassium channels in smooth muscle cells, causing vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Additionally, nicorandil also stimulates nitric oxide release, further dilating blood vessels and reducing heart workload.
Trimetazidine is an anti-ischemic agent that improves cardiac efficiency by enhancing glucose metabolism and shifting the heart's energy production to a more oxygen-efficient process. As second-line therapies, these medications offer alternative approaches for managing angina in individuals who do not respond adequately to first-line treatments or those experiencing side effects from other medications.

lipid lowering therapies

Lipid-lowering therapies play a critical role in managing coronary artery disease (CAD), a condition characterized by the narrowing of blood vessels that supply the heart. Among the most commonly discussed and debated classes of medications are statins, which effectively reduce cholesterol levels and are widely prescribed to lower the risk of cardiovascular events. Alongside statins, other medications like ezetimibe, fibrates, and niacin are also utilized to target specific aspects of lipid metabolism, such as cholesterol absorption, triglyceride levels, and raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Additionally, the introduction of medications that inhibit PCSK9, an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism, has provided a promising new approach to further lower LDL cholesterol levels. These PCSK9 inhibitors, such as Repatha (evolocumab), have shown significant efficacy in reducing LDL cholesterol levels in patients with CAD, especially for those who may not respond well to traditional therapies.

Nitrates

Nitrates are widely used to treat angina and provide quick relief for chest pain. Commonly available in the form of sublingual sprays or tablets, patches, and long-acting tablets, nitrates work by dilating blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow and reduced resistance. This dilation eases the heart's workload, leading to a decreased demand for oxygen and prompt alleviation of angina symptoms. Sublingual nitrates act rapidly and are often used to provide immediate relief during angina attacks, while patches and long-acting tablets are employed for preventive purposes. However, nitrates may cause side effects such as headaches, dizziness, and flushing, which usually subside over time.

calcium channel blockers

Calcium channel blockers, including amlodipine, felodipine, cardizem (diltiazem), and verapamil, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of angina. These medications work by inhibiting the influx of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, leading to their relaxation. As a result, blood vessels widen, promoting improved blood flow and reduced blood pressure. In the context of angina, this relaxation decreases the heart's workload, lowering the demand for oxygen and alleviating chest pain. Calcium channel blockers offer a valuable treatment option for individuals with angina, but it is essential to be aware of potential side effects, which may include headaches, dizziness, flushing, and ankle swelling.

Beta blockers

Beta blockers, such as metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, carvedilol, and bisoprolol, play a crucial role in treating angina. By blocking certain receptors in the heart, they effectively reduce heart rate and the force of contraction, thereby easing the heart's workload. This mechanism of action leads to a decreased demand for oxygen, making beta blockers highly effective in relieving chest pain associated with angina. As with any medication, it's important to consider potential side effects, including tiredness, worsened asthma, erectile dysfunction in some males, and more vivid dreams during sleep. Consult your healthcare provider to determine the suitability of beta blockers for managing your angina and overall heart health.

Anti-platelet Medications

Anti-platelet medications play a crucial role in preventing blood clot formation, reducing the risk of serious cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Among the widely used anti-platelet drugs are aspirin, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor.

Aspirin: This well-known medication inhibits platelet activation, making it less likely for platelets to stick together and form clots. Aspirin is commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of heart attacks and strokes.

Clopidogrel: As a potent anti-platelet agent, clopidogrel works by blocking specific receptors on platelets, preventing them from aggregating. It is often prescribed to patients with acute coronary syndrome, those undergoing stent procedures, and for some cases of peripheral arterial disease.

Ticagrelor: Ticagrelor is another effective anti-platelet drug that works by inhibiting platelet activation. It is used in acute coronary syndrome, often given alongside aspirin to reduce the risk of heart-related events.